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smc

number theory senior

Problem

Let , , and be digits with . The three-digit integer lies one third of the way from the square of a positive integer to the square of the next larger integer. The integer lies two thirds of the way between the same two squares. What is ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Solution
Let be the lesser of the two integers. Then the squares of the integers are and , and the distance between them is . Let this be equivalent to , so that the one-third of the distance between the squares is equivalent to . The numbers and are one-third and two-thirds of the way between and . Therefore, the distance between these two numbers is also one-third the distance between the squares, or . Setting these equal to each other, we have . Notice that since and are digits, their difference is at most and at least . Also notice that since is greater than , . Representing this as an inequality, we have . Substituting , we have . However, we know that is a -digit number, and since is less than , must be at most , or . Therefore . Plugging this back into our inequality, we have . But (c-b) must be an integer, so now we have is also an integer, so now we have . Once again, must be an integer, so we have The two squares are and , or and . A third of the distance between them is , and . .
Final answer
C