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Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO)

Singapore counting and probability

Problem

For each , let be integers such that at least one of them is odd. Show that one can find integers such that is odd for at least different values of .
Solution
Consider all the 7 triples , where are either or but not all . For each , at least one of the numbers is odd. Thus among the 7 sums , 3 are even and 4 are odd. Thus there are altogether odd sums. Thus there is choice of for which at least of the corresponding sums are odd. (You can think of a table where the rows are numbered and the columns correspond to the 7 choices of the triples . The 7 entries in row are the 7 sums . Thus there are 4 odd numbers in each row, making a total of odd sums in the table. Since there are 7 columns, one of the columns must contain at least odd sums.)

Techniques

Pigeonhole principleModular Arithmetic