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Printjmc
number theory senior
Problem
For each positive integer , the set of integers is known as the . Within the residue system modulo , let be the sum of all invertible integers modulo and let be the sum all of non-invertible integers modulo . What is ?
Solution
Since is a power of , the invertible integers are the odd ones , and the non-invertible integers are the even ones . Thus,
Final answer
8