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counting and probability
Problem
A strategical video game consists of a map of finitely many towns. In each town there are directions, labelled from 1 through . One of the towns is designated as initial, and one – as terminal. Starting from the initial town the hero of the game makes a finite sequence of moves. At each move the hero selects a direction from the current town. This determines the next town he visits and a certain positive amount of points he receives.
Two strategical video games are equivalent if for every sequence of directions the hero can reach the terminal town from the initial in one game, he can do so in the other game, and, in addition, he accumulates the same amount of points in both games.
For his birthday John receives two strategical video games – one with towns and one with towns. He claims they are equivalent. Marry is convinced they are not. Marry is right. Prove that she can provide a sequence of at most directions that shows the two games are indeed not equivalent.
Stefan Gerdjikov, Bulgaria
Two strategical video games are equivalent if for every sequence of directions the hero can reach the terminal town from the initial in one game, he can do so in the other game, and, in addition, he accumulates the same amount of points in both games.
For his birthday John receives two strategical video games – one with towns and one with towns. He claims they are equivalent. Marry is convinced they are not. Marry is right. Prove that she can provide a sequence of at most directions that shows the two games are indeed not equivalent.
Stefan Gerdjikov, Bulgaria
Solution
Without loss of generality we may assume that the set of directions is . Let us enumerate the towns in the first game from 1 through and the towns in the second game from through . Without loss of generality we may assume that the initial and terminal towns in the first game are 1 and , whereas in the second game these are and , respectively.
Next we consider a directed labelled graph where and maps a current town and direction to , where is the next town and is the amount of points awarded for this move. In particular if if and only if . For each vertex , we denote with the set of all pairs , where is a sequence of directions of length less than or equal to that leads from to a terminal town and is total amount of points awarded for this sequence. is the union of all sets for . With this notion we want to prove that: To this end, we first slightly modify the games by awarding the hero points he deserves as soon as possible. Formally, let: Since the points are always positive, every cycle in brings a positive amount of points. Therefore, for every and every pair . In particular, if then since the hero can win points starting from , we obtain . Note that if , then are vacuously distinct and we are done. Thus, we may assume that .
Let be defined by whenever . By the above argument every move in is awarded with non-negative amount of points. Furthermore, an easy inductive argument shows that if and only if , where . Hence if and only if .
Assume that and consider an arbitrary direction . If and , we claim that and . Indeed, let be such a sequence of moves that . Hence . Since and there are no negative points along the arcs, we get . Similarly, and therefore . Now, it is easy to see that if then and therefore where we used that . To reverse inclusion proceed similarly.
Finally, consider the equivalence relations recursively defined below: where and . Since is contained in , and each equivalence relation has no more than classes, it follows that and coincide for some . Therefore, for this particular , an easy inductive argument shows that and are the same for all . Hence if an induction on the length of the sequence of moves reveals that if and only if . Consequently, .
For every direction let be the matrix whose entries are defined by With this notion, for any sequence of directions the entry of the product matrix is if the hero, following the sequence and starting from town , arrives in town and wins points.
Since there are no connections between towns in the two games, we have to prove that for all if and only if for all with .
To prove this, let and let . Clearly, each spans a linear space of dimension at most . Hence, for some , and so every vector from is a linear combination of vectors from . A simple inductive argument then shows that the vectors in are linear combinations of vectors from for all . In particular, if the vectors in are all orthogonal to , then so are the vectors in for any .
This proves that if , then . Finally, we show that if , then . This is obvious for and . Assume that the statement holds for some and all and consider some . We need to prove that . By the inductive hypothesis we may assume that . In particular, . Therefore, for all , and implies that . Therefore, the fact that is due to some such that . By the inductive hypothesis . It should now be clear that .
Next we consider a directed labelled graph where and maps a current town and direction to , where is the next town and is the amount of points awarded for this move. In particular if if and only if . For each vertex , we denote with the set of all pairs , where is a sequence of directions of length less than or equal to that leads from to a terminal town and is total amount of points awarded for this sequence. is the union of all sets for . With this notion we want to prove that: To this end, we first slightly modify the games by awarding the hero points he deserves as soon as possible. Formally, let: Since the points are always positive, every cycle in brings a positive amount of points. Therefore, for every and every pair . In particular, if then since the hero can win points starting from , we obtain . Note that if , then are vacuously distinct and we are done. Thus, we may assume that .
Let be defined by whenever . By the above argument every move in is awarded with non-negative amount of points. Furthermore, an easy inductive argument shows that if and only if , where . Hence if and only if .
Assume that and consider an arbitrary direction . If and , we claim that and . Indeed, let be such a sequence of moves that . Hence . Since and there are no negative points along the arcs, we get . Similarly, and therefore . Now, it is easy to see that if then and therefore where we used that . To reverse inclusion proceed similarly.
Finally, consider the equivalence relations recursively defined below: where and . Since is contained in , and each equivalence relation has no more than classes, it follows that and coincide for some . Therefore, for this particular , an easy inductive argument shows that and are the same for all . Hence if an induction on the length of the sequence of moves reveals that if and only if . Consequently, .
For every direction let be the matrix whose entries are defined by With this notion, for any sequence of directions the entry of the product matrix is if the hero, following the sequence and starting from town , arrives in town and wins points.
Since there are no connections between towns in the two games, we have to prove that for all if and only if for all with .
To prove this, let and let . Clearly, each spans a linear space of dimension at most . Hence, for some , and so every vector from is a linear combination of vectors from . A simple inductive argument then shows that the vectors in are linear combinations of vectors from for all . In particular, if the vectors in are all orthogonal to , then so are the vectors in for any .
This proves that if , then . Finally, we show that if , then . This is obvious for and . Assume that the statement holds for some and all and consider some . We need to prove that . By the inductive hypothesis we may assume that . In particular, . Therefore, for all , and implies that . Therefore, the fact that is due to some such that . By the inductive hypothesis . It should now be clear that .
Techniques
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