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PrintMathematica competitions in Croatia
Croatia number theory
Problem
Prove that there exist infinitely many positive integers such that the largest prime divisor of is equal to the largest prime divisor of . (IMO Shortlist 2013)
Solution
Let be the largest prime divisor of and let be the largest prime divisor of . Then , and from it follows that for . Keeping in mind that is odd, we have Therefore, . To prove the result, it suffices to show that the set is infinite, since for each one has Suppose on the contrary that is finite. Since and , the set is non-empty. Since it is finite, we can consider its largest element, say . Note that it is impossible that because all these numbers are positive integers, so there exists a such that (recall that ). Next observe that it is impossible to have , because so let us take the smallest such that . By the minimality of we have , so . Since , this contradicts the maximality of , and hence is indeed infinite.
Techniques
Factorization techniquesGreatest common divisors (gcd)