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Ireland counting and probability
Problem
In a tournament with players, , each player plays once against each other player scoring 1 point for a win and 0 points for a loss. Draws do not occur. In a particular tournament only one player ended with an odd number of points and was ranked fourth. Determine whether or not this is possible. If so, how many wins did the player have?
Solution
If only one player has an odd score, the total number of points won must be odd. This leaves two possibilities, and .
Consider first the case . The player with an odd score must have won 1, 3 or 5 games. If 5, the player would have come first. If 1, the player would have come 5th or 6th. Thus the odd score was 3. The three players ranked higher must have won 4 matches leaving 0 for the remaining two players which is impossible.
Hence is the only possibility. The score of the player with the odd score must be 1, 3 or 5. 1 is impossible as the players ranked 5, 6, 7 must all have scored 0 in this case. Similarly, 5 is impossible for a player ranked fourth as the players ranked 1, 2, 3 must all have scored 6 in this case. It remains to show that 3 is a possibility. The players ranked 5, 6, 7 must have scored either 2, 2, 2 points or 2, 2, 0. In the first case, the first 3 players all score 4 points. In the second case, the first three score 6, 4, 4. Thus two possibilities occur: scores of 6, 4, 4, 3, 2, 2, 0 or 4, 4, 4, 3, 2, 2, 2. Both of these outcomes can be realised as shown below; hence the answer to the problem is 3.
Consider first the case . The player with an odd score must have won 1, 3 or 5 games. If 5, the player would have come first. If 1, the player would have come 5th or 6th. Thus the odd score was 3. The three players ranked higher must have won 4 matches leaving 0 for the remaining two players which is impossible.
Hence is the only possibility. The score of the player with the odd score must be 1, 3 or 5. 1 is impossible as the players ranked 5, 6, 7 must all have scored 0 in this case. Similarly, 5 is impossible for a player ranked fourth as the players ranked 1, 2, 3 must all have scored 6 in this case. It remains to show that 3 is a possibility. The players ranked 5, 6, 7 must have scored either 2, 2, 2 points or 2, 2, 0. In the first case, the first 3 players all score 4 points. In the second case, the first three score 6, 4, 4. Thus two possibilities occur: scores of 6, 4, 4, 3, 2, 2, 0 or 4, 4, 4, 3, 2, 2, 2. Both of these outcomes can be realised as shown below; hence the answer to the problem is 3.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | tot | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | × | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| 2 | 0 | × | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| 3 | 0 | 0 | × | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | × | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | × | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | × | 1 | 2 |
| 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | × | 0 |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | tot | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | × | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| 2 | 0 | × | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
| 3 | 1 | 0 | × | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | × | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | × | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 6 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | × | 0 | 2 |
| 7 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | × | 2 |
Final answer
Yes; with seven players, the fourth-place player has 3 wins.
Techniques
Invariants / monovariantsCounting two ways