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Printjmc
algebra senior
Problem
Find the sum of all integral values of with for which the equation has two rational roots.
Solution
In order for the equation to have to real roots, its discriminant, must be greater than zero. So we have Since must be an integer, we have .
Now we must ensure that the roots are rational. The roots are of the form . Since , and are integers, the roots are rational so long as is rational, so we must have is a perfect square. Plugging in the values from our quadratic, we have is a perfect square. Since , we have , so . There are possible squares between and inclusive, so we only need to check those squares to see if is an integer. But we can narrow this down further: the value of must be odd, so it can only be the square of an odd integer. Thus the possible values for are the squares of the odd numbers from to . We solve:
\begin{array}{ccccc} $49+4c=1%%DISP_1%%amp;$\Rightarrow%%DISP_1%%amp;$4c=-48%%DISP_1%%amp;$\Rightarrow%%DISP_1%%amp;$c=-12$\\ $49+4c=9%%DISP_1%%amp;$\Rightarrow%%DISP_1%%amp;$4c=-40%%DISP_1%%amp;$\Rightarrow%%DISP_1%%amp;$c=-10$\\ $49+4c=25%%DISP_1%%amp;$\Rightarrow%%DISP_1%%amp;$4c=-24%%DISP_1%%amp;$\Rightarrow%%DISP_1%%amp;$c=-6$\\ $49+4c=49%%DISP_1%%amp;$\Rightarrow%%DISP_1%%amp;$4c=0%%DISP_1%%amp;$\Rightarrow%%DISP_1%%amp;$c=0$\\ $49+4c=81%%DISP_1%%amp;$\Rightarrow%%DISP_1%%amp;$4c=32%%DISP_1%%amp;$\Rightarrow%%DISP_1%%amp;$c=8$\\ $49+4c=121%%DISP_1%%amp;$\Rightarrow%%DISP_1%%amp;$4c=72%%DISP_1%%amp;$\Rightarrow%%DISP_1%%amp;$c=18$ \end{array}All of the values work! Their sum is .
Now we must ensure that the roots are rational. The roots are of the form . Since , and are integers, the roots are rational so long as is rational, so we must have is a perfect square. Plugging in the values from our quadratic, we have is a perfect square. Since , we have , so . There are possible squares between and inclusive, so we only need to check those squares to see if is an integer. But we can narrow this down further: the value of must be odd, so it can only be the square of an odd integer. Thus the possible values for are the squares of the odd numbers from to . We solve:
\begin{array}{ccccc} $49+4c=1%%DISP_1%%amp;$\Rightarrow%%DISP_1%%amp;$4c=-48%%DISP_1%%amp;$\Rightarrow%%DISP_1%%amp;$c=-12$\\ $49+4c=9%%DISP_1%%amp;$\Rightarrow%%DISP_1%%amp;$4c=-40%%DISP_1%%amp;$\Rightarrow%%DISP_1%%amp;$c=-10$\\ $49+4c=25%%DISP_1%%amp;$\Rightarrow%%DISP_1%%amp;$4c=-24%%DISP_1%%amp;$\Rightarrow%%DISP_1%%amp;$c=-6$\\ $49+4c=49%%DISP_1%%amp;$\Rightarrow%%DISP_1%%amp;$4c=0%%DISP_1%%amp;$\Rightarrow%%DISP_1%%amp;$c=0$\\ $49+4c=81%%DISP_1%%amp;$\Rightarrow%%DISP_1%%amp;$4c=32%%DISP_1%%amp;$\Rightarrow%%DISP_1%%amp;$c=8$\\ $49+4c=121%%DISP_1%%amp;$\Rightarrow%%DISP_1%%amp;$4c=72%%DISP_1%%amp;$\Rightarrow%%DISP_1%%amp;$c=18$ \end{array}All of the values work! Their sum is .
Final answer
-2