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Printjmc
geometry senior
Problem
Let be a triangle in the plane, and let be a point outside the plane of , so that is a pyramid whose faces are all triangles.
Suppose that every edge of has length or , but no face of is equilateral. Then what is the surface area of ?
Suppose that every edge of has length or , but no face of is equilateral. Then what is the surface area of ?
Solution
Since all edges of pyramid have length or , each triangular face must be isosceles: either -- or --. But the first of these two sets of side lengths violates the triangle inequality, since . Therefore, every face of must have sides of lengths and .
To find the area of each face, we draw an -- triangle with altitude : Since the triangle is isosceles, we know the altitude bisects the base (as marked above). By the Pythagorean theorem, we have and thus . So, the triangle has area .
The surface area of pyramid is made up of four such triangles, so it amounts to .
One might wonder whether a pyramid with the properties enumerated in the problem actually exists. The answer is yes! To form such a pyramid, imagine attaching two -- triangles (like that in the diagram) along their short edges, so that the triangles are free to rotate around that hinge: Now you can adjust the distance between the two "free" vertices (the dotted line in the diagram above) so that it is . Adding that edge to the diagram and filling in, we have a pyramid with the desired properties.
To find the area of each face, we draw an -- triangle with altitude : Since the triangle is isosceles, we know the altitude bisects the base (as marked above). By the Pythagorean theorem, we have and thus . So, the triangle has area .
The surface area of pyramid is made up of four such triangles, so it amounts to .
One might wonder whether a pyramid with the properties enumerated in the problem actually exists. The answer is yes! To form such a pyramid, imagine attaching two -- triangles (like that in the diagram) along their short edges, so that the triangles are free to rotate around that hinge: Now you can adjust the distance between the two "free" vertices (the dotted line in the diagram above) so that it is . Adding that edge to the diagram and filling in, we have a pyramid with the desired properties.
Final answer
1440