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imc

number theory intermediate

Problem

In the United States, coins have the following thicknesses: penny, mm; nickel, mm; dime, mm; quarter, mm. If a stack of these coins is exactly mm high, how many coins are in the stack?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Solution
All numbers in this solution will be in hundredths of a millimeter. The thinnest coin is the dime, with thickness . A stack of dimes has height . The other three coin types have thicknesses , , and . By replacing some of the dimes in our stack by other, thicker coins, we can clearly create exactly all heights in the set . If we take an odd , then all the possible heights will be odd, and thus none of them will be . Hence is even. If the stack will be too low and if it will be too high. Thus we are left with cases and . If the possible stack heights are , with the remaining ones exceeding . Therefore there are coins in the stack. Using the above observation we can easily construct such a stack. A stack of dimes would have height , thus we need to add . This can be done for example by replacing five dimes by nickels (for ), and one dime by a penny (for ).
Final answer
B