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VI OBM

Brazil number theory

Problem

Find all solutions in positive integers to .
Solution
The solutions are ; ; . It is easy to check that the solutions above are the only solutions for . So assume . So , so . If is odd, then is even, but is odd, so there are no solutions. So is even. Hence is composite. So divides . But using the binomial theorem we have . Hence . Hence divides . But that means , and . So there are no other solutions.
Final answer
(n, k) = (1, 1), (2, 1), (4, 2)

Techniques

Techniques: modulo, size analysis, order analysis, inequalities