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55rd Ukrainian National Mathematical Olympiad - Third Round

Ukraine counting and probability

Problem

A committee has 4 subcommittees, each controlled by 3 leaders from the committee. For effective coordination, each two subcommittees must have exactly one leader in common. What is the least possible number of people in the committee?
Solution
If we consider two subcommittees, they have exactly one leader in common, therefore, together they have exactly 5 members. Hence there are at least 5 people in the committee. Denote them by . However it's impossible to choose leaders for another subcommittee out of them. Therefore, the committee must have at least 6 members. Here's an example of four subcommittees and their leaders:
Final answer
6

Techniques

Coloring schemes, extremal arguments