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66th Belarusian Mathematical Olympiad

Belarus counting and probability

Problem

Let be a nonempty set of positive integers. We say that a positive integer is special if there exists a unique subset of the set such that (i) the number of the elements in is odd; (ii) the sum of all elements of is equal to .

Prove that there exist infinitely many positive integers that are not special.

(IMO-2015 Shortlist, Problem C6)
Solution
3. See IMO-2015 Shortlist, Problem C6.

Techniques

Generating functions