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Baltic Way 2019 counting and probability
Problem
Let be a graph of diameter on vertices. cops and robber are placed on the vertices of graph . Everybody sees all others, they move in turn. Each move each person can stay in his vertex or go to any of the adjacent vertices (each cop stay or go independently of the others and they coordinate their actions during a game). The robber makes the first move, then the cops move (simultaneously), then the robber moves again, then cops, etc. The robber is caught if he is in the vertex occupied by cop. Prove that the cops can catch the robber.
Solution
The numbers and have the following secret property: Let before the cops move the robber be in the vertex . If , the cops can catch the robber in one, two or three moves (due to diameter property): denote the vertices adjacent to , let in the first move the -th cop go “towards” the (i.e. he either goes directly to if the corresponding edge exists or goes to the vertex adjacent to and in the next move to ); if the robber will leave the vertex and will go to some vertex he will be caught immediately or at the next move, otherwise the cops will occupy all vertices of in their second move and after that will catch the robber. If , let one of the cops go to and after that always stay there guarding the vertex and its neighbouring vertices. It means that for the robber the safe part of the graph is decreased by at least vertices. Now, if before the cops move the “safe degree” of the robber’s vertex is at most , the remaining “active” cops again can catch the robber in one-two-three moves. Otherwise, let one of the active cops go to the vertex of degree at least and after that always guard this vertex and its neighbours. The safe part of the graph for the robber is decreased once again by at least vertices. Continuing this process we will find after the step that the safe area is empty.
Techniques
Graph TheoryInvariants / monovariants