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Final Round of National Olympiad

Estonia counting and probability

Problem

A table, where is a positive integer, contains one real number in each entry, where these numbers are pairwise different. After each row, one writes the median of the row, i.e., the number occurring in this row such that the row contains the same amount of numbers less than it and greater than it. Let be the median of the column of medians. Prove that more than a quarter of the numbers initially in the table are less than .
Solution
Each row contains numbers less than the median and numbers greater than the median. Thus numbers in each row do not exceed the median of that row. In rows whose median does not exceed , these numbers do not exceed either. There are such rows. Consequently, there are at least numbers in the table that do not exceed . Only one of them is equal to , whence numbers are less than . As is positive by assumption, we have and . Now and we are done.

Techniques

Coloring schemes, extremal argumentsLinear and quadratic inequalities